Book Cover
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chemical Principles , 4/e
Steven S. Zumdahl , University of Illinois

Contents

  • 1. Chemists and Chemistry
    1.1. Thinking Like a Chemist
    1.2. A Real-World Chemistry Problem
    1.3. The Scientific Method
    1.4. Industrial Chemistry
    1.5. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Real-World Chemistry
  • 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
    2.1. The Early History of Chemistry
    2.2. Fundamental Chemical Laws
    2.3. Dalton's Atomic Theory
    2.4. Cannizzaro's Interpretation
    2.5. Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom
    2.6. The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction
    2.7. Molecules and Ions
    2.8. An Introduction to the Periodic Table
    2.9. Naming Simple Compounds
  • 3. Stoichiometry
    3.1. Atomic Masses
    3.2. The Mole
    3.3. Molar Mass
    3.4. Percent Composition of Compounds
    3.5. Determining the Formula of a Compound
    3.6. Chemical Equations
    3.7. Balancing Chemical Equations
    3.8. Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products
    3.9. Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant
  • 4. Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
    4.1. Water, the Common Solvent
    4.2. The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes
    4.3. The Composition of Solutions
    4.4. Types of Chemical Reactions
    4.5. Precipitation Reactions
    4.6. Describing Reactions in Solution
    4.7. Selective Precipitation
    4.8. Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions
    4.9. Acid-Base Reactions
    4.10. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
    4.11. Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations
    4.12. Simple Oxidation-Reduction Titrations
  • 5. Gases
    5.1. Early Experiments
    5.2. The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro
    5.3. The Ideal Gas Law
    5.4. Gas Stoichiometry
    5.5. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
    5.6. The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
    5.7. Effusion and Diffusion
    5.8. Collisions of Gas Particles with the Container Walls
    5.9. Intermolecular Collisions
    5.10. Real Gases
    5.11. Chemistry in the Atmosphere

  • 6. Chemical Equilibrium
    6.1. The Equilibrium Condition
    6.2. The Equilibrium Constant
    6.3. Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures
    6.4. The Concept of Activity
    6.5. Heterogeneous Equilibria
    6.6. Applications of the Equilibrium Constant
    6.7. Solving Equilibrium Problems
    6.8. Le Châtelier's Principle
    6.9. Equilibria Involving Real Gases
  • 7. Acids and Bases
    7.1. The Nature of Acids and Bases
    7.2. Acid Strength
    7.3. The pH Scale
    7.4. Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions
    7.5. Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions
    7.6. Bases
    7.7. Polyprotic Acids
    7.8. Acid-Base Properties of Salts
    7.9. Acid Solutions in Which Water Contributes to the H+ Concentration
    7.10. Strong Acid Solutions in Which Water Contributes to the H+ Concentration
    7.11. Strategy for Solving Acid-Base Problems: A Summary
  • 8. Applications of Aqueous Equilibria
    8.1. Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a Common Ion
    8.2. Buffered Solutions
    8.3. Exact Treatment of Buffered Solutions
    8.4. Buffer Capacity
    8.5. Titrations and pH Curves
    8.6. Acid-Base Indicators
    8.7. Titration of Polyprotic Acids
    8.8. Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product
    8.9. Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis
    8.10. Complex Ion Equilibria
  • 9. Energy, Enthalpy, and Thermochemistry
    9.1. The Nature of Energy
    9.2. Enthalpy
    9.3. Thermodynamics of Ideal Gases
    9.4. Calorimetry
    9.5. Hess's Law
    9.6. Standard Enthalpies of Formation
    9.7. Present Sources of Energy
    9.8. New Energy Sources
  • 10. Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy
    10.1. Spontaneous Processes and Entropy
    10.2. The Isothermal Expansion and Compression of an Ideal Gas
    10.3. The Definition of Entropy
    10.4. Entropy and Physical Changes
    10.5. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
    10.6. The Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity
    10.7. Free Energy
    10.8. Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions
    10.9. Free Energy and Chemical Reactions
    10.10. The Dependence of Free Energy on Pressure
    10.11. Free Energy and Equilibrium
    10.12. Free Energy and Work
    10.13. Reversible and Irreversible Processes: A Summary
  • 11. Electrochemistry
    11.1. Galvanic Cells
    11.2. Standard Reduction Potentials
    11.3. Cell Potential, Electrical Work, and Free Energy
    11.4. Dependence of the Cell Potential on Concentration
    11.5. Batteries
    11.6. Corrosion
    11.7. Electrolysis
    11.8. Commercial Electrolytic Processes
  • 12. Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Theory
    12.1. Electromagnetic Radiation
    12.2. The Nature of Matter
    12.3. The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen
    12.4. The Bohr Model
    12.5. The Quantum Mechanical Description of the Atom
    12.6. The Particle in a Box
    12.7. The Wave Equation for the Hydrogen Atom
    12.8. The Physical Meaning of a Wave Function
    12.9. The Characteristics of Hydrogen Orbitals
    12.10. Electron Spin and the Pauli Principle
    12.11. Polyelectronic Atoms
    12.12. The History of the Periodic Table
    12.13. The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table
    12.14. Further Development of the Polyelectronic Model
    12.15. Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties
    12.16. The Properties of a Group: The Alkali Metals
  • 13. Bonding: General Concepts
    13.1. Types of Chemical Bonds
    13.2. Electronegativity
    13.3. Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments
    13.4. Ions: Electron Configurations and Sizes
    13.5. Formation of Binary Ionic Compounds
    13.6. Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds
    13.7. The Covalent Chemical Bond: A Model
    13.8. Covalent Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions
    13.9. The Localized Electron Bonding Model
    13.10. Lewis Structure
    13.11. Resonance
    13.12. Exceptions to the Octet Rule
    13.13. Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model
  • 14. Covalent Bonding: Orbitals
    14.1. Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model
    14.2. The Molecular Orbital Model
    14.3. Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
    14.4. Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
    14.5. Combining the Localized Electron and Molecular Orbital Models
    14.6. Orbitals: Human Invention
    14.7. Molecular Spectroscopy
  • 15. Chemical Kinetics
    15.1. Reaction Rates
    15.2. Rate Laws: An Introduction
    15.3. Determining the Form of the Rate Law
    15.4. The Integrated Rate Law
    15.5. Rate Laws: A Summary
    15.6. Reaction Mechanisms
    15.7. The Steady-State Approximation
    15.8. A Model for Chemical Kinetics
    15.9. Catalysis
  • 16. Liquids and Solids
    16.1. Intermolecular Forces
    16.2. The Liquid State
    16.3. An Introduction to Structures and Types of Solids
    16.4. Structure and Bonding in Metals
    16.5. Carbon and Silicon: Network Atomic Solids
    16.6. Molecular Solids
    16.7. Ionic Solids
    16.8. Structures of Actual Ionic Solids
    16.9. Lattice Defects
    16.10. Vapor Pressure and Changes of State
    16.11. Phase Diagrams
  • 17. Properties of Solutions
    17.1. Solution Composition
    17.2. The Thermodynamics of Solution Formation
    17.3. Factors Affecting Solubility
    17.4. The Vapor Pressures of Solutions
    17.5. Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression
    17.6. Osmotic Pressure
    17.7. Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
    17.8. Colloids
  • 18. The Representative Elements: Groups 1A Through 4A
    18.1. A Survey of the Representative Elements
    18.2. The Group 1A Elements
    18.3. The Chemistry of Hydrogen
    18.4. The Group 2A Elements
    18.5. The Group 3A Elements
    18.6. The Group 4A Elements
  • 19. The Representative Elements: Groups 5A Through 8A
    19.1. The Group 5A Elements
    19.2. The Chemistry of Nitrogen
    19.3. The Chemistry of Phosphorus
    19.4. The Group 6A Elements
    19.5. The Chemistry of Oxygen
    19.6. The Chemistry of Sulfur
    19.7. The Group 7A Elements
    19.8. The Group 8A Elements
  • 20. Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
    20.1. The Transition Metals: A Survey
    20.2. The First-Row Transition Metals
    20.3. Coordination Compounds
    20.4. Isomerism
    20.5. Bonding in Complex Ions: The Localized Electron Model
    20.6. The Crystal Field Model
    20.7. The Molecular Orbital Model
    20.8. The Biological Importance of Coordination Complexes
  • 21. The Nucleus: A Chemist's View
    21.1. Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay
    21.2. The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay
    21.3. Nuclear Transformations
    21.4. Detection and Uses of Radioactivity
    21.5. Thermodynamic Stability of the Nucleus
    21.6. Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
    21.7. Effects of Radiation
  • 22. Organic Chemistry
    22.1. Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons
    22.2. Alkenes and Alkynes
    22.3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
    22.4. Hydrocarbon Derivatives
    22.5. Polymers
    22.6. Natural Polymers
  • Appendix One. Mathematical Procedures
    A1.1 Exponential Notation
    A1.2 Logarithms
    A1.3 Graphing Functions
    A1.4 Solving Quadratic Equations
    A1.5 Uncertainties in Measurements
    A1.6 Significant Figures
  • Appendix Two. Units of Measurements and Conversions Among Units
    A2.1 Measurements
    A2.2 Unit Conversions
  • Appendix Three. Spectral Analysis
  • Appendix Four. Selected Thermodynamic Data
  • Appendix Five. Equilibrium Constants and Reduction Potentials
  • Glossary
  • Answers to Selected Problems
  • Photo Credits
  • Index